Claudia Goldin
Women pay for occupational “flexibility” in smaller paychecks than men in equivalent roles, according to Harvard’s Claudia Goldin, who analyzed higher-paying occupations, and found that women earn an average of 71 percent of men’s wages after controlling for age, race, hours and education.
However, she found significant differences across professional occupations, related to flexibility in work schedule and work location.
For example, women financial specialists earn 66 percent of men’s pay in the same field, but women pharmacists earn 91 percent of their male colleagues’ salaries. 
Comparable salaries were reported for male and female tax preparers, ad sales agents and human resources specialists, attributable to workers’ ability to substitute for each other.
Among medical professions, obstetricians and “hospitalists” have introduced “interchangeability” with trusted colleagues.
This difference is explained by higher pay for roles that require longer hours, physical presence for “office…
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