William Shakespeare
“The Foole doth thinke he is wise, but the wiseman knowes himselfe to be a Foole,” wrote William Shakespeare in As You Like It, anticipating Charles Darwin’s update: “Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.”
Charles Darwin
Both observations are applicable to the workplace, as in Dilbert’s notoriously “clueless” Pointy-Haired Boss, and to everyday situations.
Pointy Haired Boss
Columbia’s David Dunning and Justin Kruger of NYU conducted a series of experiments more than a decade ago that suggested incompetent performance often results from ignorance of performance standards in cognitive skills like reading comprehension, and physical skills like operating a motor vehicle, and playing tennis.
David Dunning
Volunteers performed humor, grammar, and logic tasks, then viewed their performance scores and again estimated their performance rank.
Competent individuals accurately estimated their rank, whereas incompetent individuals overestimated their ranks despite actual…
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Utopia, you are standing in it! 
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