US troops liberate Dachau death camp today 1945

Most accurate attack ad ever from 1933

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Friends and enemies in the Middle East flow charted

The main rifts in Middle East politics

Who now controls what in Yemen

AJP Taylor on England before World War I

The opening lines of “English History 1914-1945″ by A. J. P. Taylor

via March | 2015 | chriskendall.eu.

The demand and supply of war movies

World War I casualty rates

Today Washington time, 70 years ago, Henry Stimson on briefing Truman on a “highly secret matter”

The origins of the Last Post

In addition to its normal garrison use to signal the end of day when the duty officer returns from the tour of the camp and quarters, the Last Post call had another function at the close of a day of battle.

It signalled to those who were still out and wounded or separated that the fighting was done, and to follow the sound of the call to find safety and rest.

Its use in Remembrance Day and Anzac Day ceremonies in Commonwealth nations as an implied summoning of the spirits of the Fallen to the cenotaph. The UU military uses Taps the similar purposes.

On the one path to peace

The people of the two nations [French and English] must be brought into mutual dependence by the supply of each other's wants. There is no other way of counteracting the antagonism of language and race. It is God's own method of producing an entente cordiale, and no other plan is worth a farthing.  - Richard Cobden

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What victory at Gallipoli could have stopped

On May 24, 1915, the Allied Powers jointly issued a statement explicitly charging for the first time ever another government of committing `a crime against humanity’.

The Allied Governments announce publicly that they will hold personally responsible all members of the Ottoman Government, as well as those of their agents who are implicated in the Armenian massacres.

Article 230 of the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres required the defeated Ottoman Empire to

…hand over to the Allied Powers the persons whose surrender may be required by the latter as being responsible for the massacres committed during the continuance of the state of war on territory which formed part of the Ottoman Empire on August 1, 1914.

Ottoman military and high-ranking politicians were transferred to the Crown Colony of Malta on board of the SS Princess Ena and the SS HMS Benbow by the British forces, starting in 1919. These war criminals were eventually returned to Constantinople in 1921 in exchange for 22 British hostages held by the government in Ankara.

But for victory at Gallipoli, the Anzacs would have been the first Sergeant at Arms of a war crimes trial. By marching into Constantinople, the Anzacs may have been able to prevent the purging of the Ottoman archives of evidence of complicity of specific individuals.

via 40 maps that explain World War I | vox.com and 1915 – Allies Condemn Turkish Genocide of Armenians – Joint declaration Condemning Turkish Genocide of Armenians as Crimes Against Humanity.

Elections as battlefields, literally: public choice aspects of the allocation of death in battle

There have been studies of both elections affecting the fighting wars, and how troop deployments and furloughs are manipulated to affect elections. Regular Army and reservists from states and electorates that are hotly contested at the next election are kept away from the firing line.

Goff and Tollison (1987) studied how assignments to combat or non-combat positions wan influenced by political considerations during the Vietnam war. Casualties across U.S. states were a function of the political influence, especially in military affairs, of a state’s House and Senate delegations to Congress and the Senate.

Political influence on which troops were put into combat positions was not new as shown by Anderson and Tollison’s 1991 study of the electoral college is a battlefield during the American civil war. Their primary empirical finding was that electoral votes per capita are a strong explainer of casualties across Union states, all else equal. Lincoln would dispatch and withdraw troops from the frontline on the basis of electoral considerations, including who was needed back home to vote in the 1864 presidential election:

Northern causalities [during the Civil War] were partly determined by electoral votes in 1864… Given that the Northern troops were organized by states and that President Lincoln sought to be re-elected, . . . [t]roops from close states were much less likely to suffer causalities . . . [based on the logic that] . . . dead men cannot vote

Fractions of the population that died in World War II

World War I – the initial Australian response was expressed in its September 1914 general election

last man and last shilling

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