Trends in bachelor degrees conferred on women since 1970

A lot of women did information science in the 70s, close to 40% of all information science majors, then women moved away to invest in other majors. It would be laughable to suggest that information science was more welcoming to women in the 1970s but not now. Clearly, a third set of factors is at play unrelated to hostile working environments. Similarly, a large number of women did maths and statistics then that trend petered out in the 1980s.

Musical life expectancy

 

via The 27 Club is a myth: 56 is the bum note for musicians and Stairway to hell: life and death in the pop music industry..

Profits Are So High, Why Don’t More Farmers Switch To Organic?

HT: Yet Again, Organic Ag Proves Just as Productive as Chemical Ag | Mother Jones.

The increase is partly because more farmers are taking advantage of the healthier profit margins and partly because organic marketing groups sell a health food mythology where cost is not a factor, so costs can rise along with more product. It is a miracle of capitalism.

But given a consumer-base that is wealthy and that is educated by advertising so completely, why don’t all farmers switch?

It just takes paying for a sticker and promising to use an organic toxic chemical rather than a synthetic one, there is no testing of organic food, so it would be easy to just make more money. 

The reason more don’t move to organic, according to a paper in the Journal of Marketing, is because conventional farmers know in their hearts and minds they are deceiving the public if they switch – making that change is like switching belief systems.

via “Chemical Farmers”: Profits Are So High, Why Don’t More Farmers Switch To Organic?.

Adam Smith wrote about religion in the Wealth of Nations in part because how it infused moral fibre into market dealings. Smith offered a theory explaining the participation of individuals in religion based on his theory of human capital.

In particular, businessmen want to signal to customers that they were moral upstanding people who will not cheat them because that would be against their own moral code and sense of self-respect.

For this reason, Adam Smith suggested that religious sects proliferating in cities because people wanted to join them as a way of signalling they were morally upstanding people. These sects were demanding and rigourously policed the morals of their membership and expelled those who fell in any way short.

A reputation for honesty is both an entrepreneurial investment as well as a way of living a decent life.

People value their reputations and self-respect for being a good and decent man or woman, but some do so more than others. This is why the wage premium under the theory of compensating differentials is large enough only for the trailing edge of the business community. What is that premium?

In 2011, [the] organic premium for a bushel of wheat was 52.2% after factoring in reduced yield per acre of organic production versus total [chemical] average yield per acre. In other terms, [chemical] wheat would have had to have yielded over 53 bushels [a two-thirds increase] per acre to match organic return per acre. (Ted Craig, Wyoming Department of Agriculture, personal communication)

Being an organic farmer is somewhat trendy these days and raises you in the eyes of many but not all. As such, self-respect rather than reputation would be the bigger driver of how large the compensating differential must be before more move to organic farming.

Are Uber drivers twice as likely to be murdered as a cop?

wonkblog/charted-the-20-deadliest-jobs-in-america

Is surge pricing by Uber another name for overtime and weekend pay

Uber is in strife of late for charging more at peak timesUber calls it surge pricing. We don’t object paying more for a meal at a restaurant at dinner time rather than at lunchtime but the same people object to paying more for the taxi late at night where the driver must risk the dangers of solitary night-time work and picking up strangers who might have had a few too many.

Under Uber’s now-national policy, price surging is capped during disasters and states of emergency at the fourth-highest nonemergency surge seen in the previous two months.

Embedded image permalink

We all expect to pay more for air tickets at peak times, such as school holidays and Christmas. Indeed, one reason we are able to delay booking is we know seats will be available because they are selling at a premium for those who booked late. Others who make their plans early quite enjoy getting the cheaper for early bird bookings.

Is surge pricing another name for over time and night and weekend pay? Union contracts provide for overtime pay, if you work more than the specified 8 hours a day.

The Holidays Act in New Zealand provides that if an employee works at the weekends, they are paid at 150% of the normal rate; and double party on public holidays. Not many employees object of this wage premium for work in it inconvenient times. Cafes and restaurants routinely charge of 10-15% price premium on public holidays to cover this overtime pay.

As would be expected under the theory of compensating differentials, there are wage premiums for jobs where the worker must work at inconvenient or unsocial times, in jobs with a greater risk  of injury, or otherwise work more unpleasant than the average.

Viscusi estimated the wage premium for hazardous jobs to be rather large in the United States:

The extra pay for job hazards, in effect, establishes the price employers must pay for an unsafe workplace.

Wage premiums paid to U.S. workers for risking injury are huge; they amount to about $245 billion annually (in 2004 dollars), more than 2 percent of the gross domestic product and 5 percent of total wages paid. These wage premiums give firms an incentive to invest in job safety because an employer who makes the workplace safer can reduce the wages he pays.

Those who don’t like Uber’s surge pricing can always hail a cab. As I remember from American TV programmes, at peak times, prospective customers on the side of the road hail cabs at peak times with several fingers raised to indicate how much more than the standard fare, they are willing to pay.

469154205-man-hails-a-taxi-in-the-snow-on-february-13-2014-in-new

There is nothing new under the sun. Uber’s app allows you to do the price bidding for a taxi on your cellphone rather than out in the cold 

Which are the most satisfying occupations?

Obesity by occupation

Pop Stars Actually Do Die Too Young – The Atlantic

via Pop Stars Actually Do Die Too Young – The Atlantic.

Pop stars should get hazard pay

The reverse gender gap in part-time employment

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers.

HT: economix

Minimum Wage Hikes Hurt Job-Keepers

HT: idiosyncraticwhisk.blogspot

Are you in prestigious occupation? Some American data

Teacher_respect

Image

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