Source: OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012.
Gender gap in PISA scores across the OECD, 2012
29 Aug 2016 Leave a comment
in economics of education, gender, human capital, labour economics Tags: gender gaps, reversing gender gap
The gender commuting gap between mothers and fathers
28 Aug 2016 Leave a comment
in discrimination, economics of love and marriage, gender, human capital, labour economics, labour supply, occupational choice, poverty and inequality, transport economics Tags: asymmetric marriage premium, commuting times, compensating differentials, female labour force participation, gender gap, gender wage gap
The first three bars in each cluster of bars are for men. in almost all countries mothers with dependent children spend less time commuting than childless women. This might suggest that working mothers have found workplaces closer to home than women without children. The gender gap in commuting where it is present in the country is larger than the gap between mothers and other women in their commuting time.
Source: OECD Family Database – OECD, Table LMF2.6.A.
The Black Gender College Degree Gap is Huge and Growing
25 Aug 2016 Leave a comment
in discrimination, economics of education, human capital
An adult start of a criminal career is uncommon
18 Aug 2016 Leave a comment
in economics of crime, human capital, labour economics, law and economics, occupational choice Tags: crime and punishment, criminal deterrence, law and order
College and post-graduate wage premium in the English speaking countries, France, S. Korea, Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden
31 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in economics of education, human capital, labour economics, occupational choice Tags: Australia, British economy, Canada, College premium, Denmark, education premium, Finland, France, graduate premium, Ireland, Korea, Norway, post-graduate premium, Sweden
Source: Education at a Glance 2015, section 6.
Tertiary educational attainment, 2000 and 2014, USA, UK, France, Germany, Canada, Australia
24 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in economic history, economics of education, human capital, labour economics Tags: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, tertiary educational attainment.
The British, Australians, and Italians experienced strong growth in tertiary attainment since the year 2000. In the case of the Italians, it was from a low base. There is still a big difference in tertiary attainment between English-speaking and other countries.
Source: OECD Factbook 2015-2016.
% Australian top incomes from wages, salaries and pensions since 1954
19 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in economic history, human capital, industrial organisation, labour economics, occupational choice, politics - Australia, poverty and inequality Tags: Australia, CEO pay, superstar wages, superstars, top 1%, top incomes
Australia has had a working rich for a long time now. Australian top income earners are top wage earners. They are athletes, celebrities, business executives and in the professions.
Source: The World Wealth and Income Database.
% US top incomes from wages, salaries and pensions, 1913 – 2015,
18 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in applied welfare economics, economic history, human capital, industrial organisation, labour economics, occupational choice, politics - USA, poverty and inequality, survivor principle Tags: CEO pay, entrepreneurial alertness, superstar wages, superstars, top 1%, top incomes
The rich in the USA long ago became a working rich; most top incomes are from wages and salaries.
Source: The World Wealth and Income Database.
NZ top income earners as lazy as ever @MaxRashbrooke @CloserTogether
17 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in economic history, human capital, labour economics, occupational choice, politics - New Zealand, poverty and inequality Tags: Leftover Left, pessimism bias, top 1%, top incomes, Twitter left
Max Rashbrooke was good enough to remind us that the 2013 update of New Zealand top income shares came online a few days ago.
As is well known to everyone except those obsessed with top income shares, New Zealand top income shares have not changed much since the late 1980s. They are now no higher than in the good old days when New Zealand was an egalitarian paradise in their eyes.
Source: The World Wealth and Income Database.
Did Gary Becker invent the term human capital?
11 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in Alfred Marshall, Gary Becker, history of economic thought, human capital, labour economics
..
Tertiary attainment of 25-34 and 55-64 year-olds across the OECD
06 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in economic growth, economics of education, human capital, labour economics, macroeconomics Tags: endogenous growth theory, graduate premium
Some countries have experienced large increases in the number of young people graduating from University when compared to their parents. Germany and the USA aside, all countries have experienced a noticeable increase in young adults with tertiary degrees.
Source: Education at a Glance 2015 – © OECD 01-01-2015.
If human capital is such a major driver of economic growth, should not these countries with large increases in tertiary educated workers be anticipating a growth spurt? The gaps in tertiary attainment across the OECD are much less than they used to be for young adults. Ireland’s burst in tertiary educated workers was after the Celtic Tiger years, not before or during.
Source: Education at a Glance 2015 – © OECD 01-01-2015.
Average top incomes in New Zealand
05 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in human capital, labour economics, labour supply, occupational choice, poverty and inequality Tags: creative destruction, entrepreneurial alertness, top 1%
The average top income in New Zealand is that of a professional, executive or entrepreneur.
Source: The World Wealth and Income Database.
Wage gaps by gender, race and ethnicity persist in the USA
03 Jul 2016 Leave a comment
in discrimination, economics of education, gender, human capital, labour economics, labour supply, occupational choice, politics - USA Tags: employer discrimination, ethnic wage gap, gender wage gap, racial discrimination, racial wage gap
.@nzteu is right, student loans entrench inequality
29 Jun 2016 Leave a comment
in economics of education, economics of love and marriage, human capital, labour economics, occupational choice, poverty and inequality Tags: power couples, student loans
Those of European ethnicity had a median net worth of $114,000, compared with $23,000 for Māori , $12,000 for Pasifika and $33,000 for Asians according to the latest Statistics New Zealand data just released.
The Tertiary Education Union made great play about how much of the low net worth of young people and others is due to student loans
Young people (aged 15–24) had the lowest individual median net worth of any age group – just $1,000. The most common debt for young people is education loans.
The union then goes on to say that
Median education loan liabilities are only one-tenth of Pākehā people’s median assets, but they are a quarter of Māori people’s assets and over a third of Pacific people’s assets (table 7.01).
The data shows that the households with the smallest median net worth have the largest median education loans (table 2.02). These loans make up nearly a quarter of their total debt (table 2.03).
Over a third of households within the poorest quintile of net worth have education loans, whereas less than a tenth of households in the wealthiest quintile have education debt (table 2.04).
In a nutshell, not enough people are going to university because of the prospect of repaying student loans and more would go if it were cheaper and that would reducing inequality. The explosion in tertiary educational attendance over the last generation, an increase of about 150% for the adult population aged 25 to 64 was not good enough to reduce inequality.
Free tuition at University is a hand-out to those already had a good start in life. It will be paid for by those who will never go because they do not have an above average IQ.
How much more will you earn by going to university? It depends hugely on which country you're from http://t.co/7RMnUTM8nj—
paulkirby (@paul1kirby) September 11, 2015
Low-cost student loans were supposed to be away to reduce inequality. Instead, they give a flying start to those of already above-average talents. If social justice is to mean anything, it does not involve giving freebies to those who already have a head start in life.
The average student loan debt is about $14,000 while the lifetime earnings premium from university education is about $1/2 million in New Zealand.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Household net worth statistics: Year ended 30 June 2015.
Lowering university tuition fees and easing the terms of student loans simply means that those who do well at university will not have to pay back as much to the government. People who succeed at university already have above average IQs so they already had a good head start in life.
Charles Murray points out that succeeded at college requires an IQ of at least 115 but 84% of the population don’t have this:
Historically, an IQ of 115 or higher was deemed to make someone “prime college material.” That range comprises about 16 per cent of the population. Since 28 per cent of all adults have BAs, the IQ required to get a degree these days is obviously a lot lower than 115.
Cheaper higher education does not help the not so smart secure a qualification they lack the innate talent to earn with decent marks and increases the chance of smart men and women marrying. This increases the inequality between power couples and the rest.
Utopia, you are standing in it! 
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