The gender wage gap by educational attainment

Motherhood explains 80% of the gender wage gap, up from 30% 30 years ago

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Source: Parenthood and the Gender Gap: Evidence from Denmark by Henrik Jacobsen Kleven, Camille Landais and Jakob Egholt Søgaard, University of Copenhagen January 2015 at http://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/auerbach/Landais2015.pdf

Minimum salaries of American professional sports players and media coverage

minimum salaries of professional US sports players

airtime devoted to women's sports

US sports coverage

Source: Minimum salaries for professional US sports players.

Females/male earnings ratio by partner status and motherhood – USA, UK, Canada

Figure 1: Female/male earnings ratio by partner status and motherhood, 2004 image Source: LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg – Wave VI; individuals with positive earnings only. .

Why gender analysis is essential to empirical labour economics

Image

Gender wage gap, USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand since 2001

Figure 1: Gender wage gap (unadjusted % difference between median wages of male and female full-time employees)

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Source: OECD StatExtract.

Why is the gender wage gap mostly an issue now for the middle class and rich?

Humanities, arts, computing and engineering degrees awarded by gender, USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand

Figure 1: Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded in humanities and arts qualifications by gender, 2012

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Source: OECD Education Database.

Figure 2: percentage of tertiary degrees awarded in computing qualifications by gender, 2012

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Source: OECD Education Database.

Figure 3: Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded in engineering, manufacturing and construction qualifications by gender, 2012

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Source: OECD Education Database.

The reverse gender tertiary education gap for ages 25–34, Anglo-Saxon countries

Figure 1: % population who have attained at least tertiary education, age 25 – 34 by gender (2012)

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Source: OECD family database.

Figure 2 shows that the stark reversing of the gender gap in educational attainment shown in figure 1 was somewhat more recent in the US, UK and to a lesser extent in Ireland and Australia. In the UK and USA, educational attainment by gender was pretty equal for the earlier generation of graduates as compared to today’s 25 to 34-year-olds. The reversing of the gender gap in educational attainment dates back several decades in Canada and New Zealand.

Figure 2: % population who have attained at least tertiary education, age 45 – 54 by gender (2012)

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Source: OECD family database.

Gender wage gaps for tertiary educated and high school educated full-time workers in Anglo-Saxon countries

In another blow for the inherent inequality of bargaining power between workers and employers, and for the patriarchy, the wage gap is larger for tertiary educated female full-time workers aged 35-44 than it is for female full-time workers who just finished high school.

Figure 1: gender wage gap for mean full-time, full-year earnings for tertiary educated workers aged 35 – 44, 2012

image

Source: OECD family database.

To add insult to injury, the gender wage gap further tertiary educated female workers is quite large in the USA but quite small for high school graduates.

Figure 2: gender wage gap for mean full-time, full-year earnings for  below upper secondary educated workers aged 35 – 44, 2012

image

Source: OECD family database.

Canada seems to be a bit of a patriarchal hellhole while New Zealand does pretty well in gender wage gaps.

The gender gap  in figure 1 and in figure 2 are unadjusted and calculated as the difference between mean average annual full-time, full-year earnings of men and of women as a percentage of men’s earnings.

What are the Anglo-Saxon gender wage gaps for the bottom, median and top deciles?

If there is an inherent inequality of bargaining power between workers and employers, as we are so frequently lectured by those in the self appointed know, why is the gender wage gap so small at the bottom of the earnings distribution?

Figure 1: % Gender gap in full-time earnings at the bottom decile of earnings distribution, 2012

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Source: OECD family database

Figure 2: % Gender gap in full-time earnings at the median decile of earnings distribution, 2012

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Source: OECD family database

Figure 3: % Gender gap in full-time earnings at the top decile of earnings distribution, 2012

image

Source: OECD family database

The gender gaps are unadjusted, and are calculated as the difference between the earnings of men and women for their respective earnings percentile.

What are the Anglo-Saxon gender wage gaps?

Figure 1: % gender gap in median earnings of full-time employees, 2012

image

Source: OECD family database

The reversing gender gap in one chart

Almost 8 in 10 daughters raised by the lowest- earning men make more money per hour than their fathers did

image

via Women’s Work: The Economic Mobility of Women Across a Generation.

Today’s daughters earn much more than their mothers

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, slightly more than half of all mothers were in the labour force. These women worked, on average, 24 hours per week for a little more than $10 per hour.

Today, 85 percent of all daughters  are employed, and they work 10 additional hours per week and earn $9 more per hour.

image

via Women’s Work: The Economic Mobility of Women Across a Generation.

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